ヒトの腸内にはどのような微生物が棲んでいるのですか?
Answer
腸内にすむ菌(腸内細菌)は、数百種類に分かれ、約100兆個いるといわれています。
これらの細菌は、その種類ごとに集団を形成しながら住み着いています(腸内フローラ)。顕微鏡で個々の細菌を観察すると、棒状、球状、枝分かれ状などの形をしています。また、菌同士がばらばらでいたり、連なっていたりして、集団の形もさまざまです。
腸内細菌は、小腸から大腸まで、自分の住みやすい場所に分布しています。消化液が多い胃や十二指腸では菌が少ない(1グラムあたり1万個以下)ですが、それより下の小腸(空腸~回腸)になると、1グラムあたり1000万個以上の菌が見つかるようになります。
位置的にみて、小腸には空気(酸素)が存在しやすいので、酸素の有無に関係なく生育できる細菌(通性嫌気性菌)の乳酸捍菌が多く住み着いています。
盲腸から大腸になると、殆ど無酸素状態になり、酸素の嫌いな細菌(偏性嫌気性菌)が爆発的に多くなり、1グラムあたり1000億個に近づきます。ビフィズス菌は偏性嫌気性菌の代表であり、同じような性質をもつ菌としてバクテロイデス菌やユウバクテリウム菌なども有名です。
しかし、大腸には絶対嫌気性菌の1万分の1程度ですが、通性嫌気性菌である乳酸捍菌や大腸菌もすんでいます。腸内には、人にとって良い働きをする有用菌(ビフィズス菌や乳酸捍菌)だけでなく、発がん物質や毒素を作ったり、腸内腐敗をおこしたりする有害菌(ウェルシュ菌、黄色ブドウ球菌、大腸菌毒性株、バクテロイデス菌毒性株など)も住んでいます。
このように、有用菌と有害菌、さらに中間的な菌が微妙な関係を持ちながら、腸内フローラが形成されています。健康を維持するためにも、より良いバランスを保つ(有用菌を優勢にする)ことが重要になります。
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